Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, typically characterized by pain in the lower back, hips, and spine. Over time, it can lead to the fusion of the vertebrae (ankylosis), resulting in restricted movement. Physical therapy and exercise play a crucial role in managing this disease and improving patients’ quality of life.
Ankylosing Spondylitis and Physical Therapy
In the treatment of AS, physical therapy is implemented alongside medication to slow disease progression, alleviate pain, and reduce functional loss. Physical therapy programs are usually tailored to the individual and adapted to their needs. This therapeutic approach aims to maintain spinal flexibility, improve posture, and increase overall muscle strength.
Main Goals of Physical Therapy:
- Pain Reduction: Treatment methods include hot and cold applications, electrotherapy, and manual therapy techniques for pain control.
- Maintenance of Flexibility and Range of Motion: Stretching exercises are performed to preserve the flexibility of the spine and surrounding muscles.
- Posture Correction: Postural training is provided to prevent postural disorders and correct existing ones.
- Increase in Muscle Strength: Strengthening the muscles, particularly in the back, abdomen, and hips, supports spinal stabilization.
Types of Exercises for Ankylosing Spondylitis
Exercises play a key role in managing AS. Regular exercise reduces pain, increases flexibility, and makes daily activities easier. Here are recommended types of exercises for AS:
- Stretching and Flexibility Exercises:
- Spinal Stretches: These exercises help maintain the natural curves of the spine, particularly for spinal flexibility.
- Hip and Spinal Stretches: These exercises enhance the flexibility of hip and spinal muscles, improving mobility.
- Postural Exercises:
- Upright Posture Exercises: Focus on strengthening the muscles that keep the spine in the correct position to prevent and correct postural disorders.
- Shoulder Retraction: Pulling the shoulders back opens the chest muscles and strengthens the back muscles.
- Strengthening Exercises:
- Abdominal and Back Muscles: These muscles are critical for stabilizing the spine. Strong abdominal and back muscles reduce pressure on the spine.
- Lower Extremity Exercises: Strengthening the muscles of the hips, knees, and ankles increases mobility and balance.
- Aerobic Exercises:
- Swimming: The buoyancy of water reduces stress on the joints, providing a pain-free exercise option. Swimming increases spinal mobility and improves overall cardiovascular health.
- Walking: A low-impact aerobic exercise, walking enhances overall flexibility and supports heart health.
- Breathing Exercises:
- Deep Breathing: AS can reduce the flexibility of the chest wall. Deep breathing exercises help increase lung capacity to prevent this condition.
- Diaphragmatic Breathing: Encourages effective use of the diaphragm, facilitating easier breathing and optimal lung function.
Although ankylosing spondylitis is a lifelong condition, symptoms can be largely managed with regular physical therapy and exercise. Adherence to treatment and consistent exercise can slow disease progression and significantly enhance quality of life. Exercise programs should always be planned under the guidance of a physiotherapist and tailored to the individual’s needs.